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Bibliographic References

Creators: Eleftheria Konstantinidou, Brady Kiesling, Chris de Lisle, Anika Campbell, Jeffrey Becker, Chiara Palladino, Tom Elliott, Catherine Bouras, Gabriel Mckee, Shannon McMillan, Daniel C Browning Jr, Joe Scholten, Anne Chen, Sarah Bond Copyright © The Contributors. Sharing and remixing permitted under terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License (cc-by).
Last modified Aug 21, 2026 02:15 PM
Pleiades uses references to external books, articles, websites, datasets, and other information resources in order to contextualize the information we present, to provide access to evidence or argument, and to attribute ideas and conclusions to their originators.
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The primary purpose of a reference in Pleiades is to connect the reader, as quickly and efficiently as possible, with another work that addresses the Pleiades place, name, location, or connection to which it is attached. To that end, the citation process has been automated as much as possible, while still providing editorial source control and structure for the bibliographic data in question. Pleiades uses the Zotero reference management system to edit and store authoritative records for the bibliographic works cited in the gazetteer. Individual place, name, location, and connection resources include "reference" fields for storing specific citations to those works.

The Help Topics listed at right provide step-by-step guidance for the creation of new records in our Zotero library, and for the addition of specific references to individual Pleiades information resources. Policies, best practices, and further reference information are provided via the documents listed below.

References (bibliographic citations) in Pleiades are formed by linking to a work-level bibliographic record in the Pleiades Zotero Library. Making this link and selecting the "fetch Zotero" button on the references form automatically populates these fields:

  • The "Short Title" field will be automatically filled with the preferred short title previously assigned by the editors in the Zotero library;
  • A full, formatted reference for the identified work will be created and inserted in the "Formatted Citation" field; and
  • A link to the full work (if included in the Zotero record) will be written into the "Access URI" field.

Users must then manually add or change the following fields (as necessary and possible):

  • Citation type
    i.e., the reason for citing the work in question (see our separate "Citation Types" document for details)
  • Citation detail
    i.e., subordinate page or paragraph range; entry title, lemma, or number; canonical citation range; author names for a cited article in an encyclopedic work
  • Access URI (overwriting the automatic link to the work itself if appropriate)
    i.e., web link to an online version of the work cited. If that is not available, for books a link to the Worldcat entry is substituted.

Additional Guidance:

Title Description
Access URIs Important considerations regarding access URIs in Pleiades references.
Articles in Journals, Magazines, Newspapers, Blogs, etc. How to cite full articles, or just a small portion of an article, in a Pleiades reference.
Books and Monographic Multi-Volume Works Citation guidance for books and monographic multi-volume works as Pleiades references.
Citation Types This document explains the various citation types that are assigned to bibliographic references in Pleiades places, names, locations, and connections.
Collected/Edited Volumes and Conference Proceedings How to structure references for variously authored content.
Entries in Dictionaries and Encyclopedic Works How to cite an individual entry in a dictionary or encyclopedic work.
Modern Gazetteers, Atlases, Maps and Databases How to cite these sorts of works in Pleiades.
Other Websites and Web Pages How to cite other websites and web pages in a Pleiades reference.
Primary Sources How to cite primary sources in Pleiades references.
Structure of References This document describes all the database fields used in an individual bibliographic reference.
Writing Systems and Diacriticals in References Editorial policy regarding the use of diacriticals and non-Roman writing systems (characters) in Pleiades bibliographic references.