@prefix cito: . @prefix dcterms: . @prefix foaf: . @prefix owl: . @prefix pleiades: . @prefix prov: . @prefix rdfs: . @prefix skos: . @prefix spatial: . a ; rdfs:label "Beirut"; spatial:C , ; rdfs:comment "An ancient Phoenician city, known by various names in antiquity, in what is now Lebanon."; foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf . a , ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "BAtlas 69 C2 Berytus/Laodikeia en te Phoinike/Col. Iulia Augusta Felix", "DARE 21113", "GeoNames 276781: Beirut", "Kalenderian 2023 ", "Lauffray 1978 ", "New Pauly Berytos", "PECS (Perseus) BERYTUS (Beirut) Lebanon", "Plin., NH (Mayhoff: PHI) 5.78.2", "RE Berytos", "RE Laodikeia 3", "Smith 1854 (Perseus) BERYTUS", "TGN 7002857: Beirut", "TM GEO ID 431: Berytos (Beirut)", "TP (Talbert: CUP) 9C2 (Talbert 492)", "Theatrum 730", "ToposText Berytus (Lebanon)", "Wikidata Q3820: Beirut", "Wikipedia (English) Beirut", "vici.org 2511: Berizto"; dcterms:contributor , , , , , , , , , , , [ a ; foaf:name "Jen Thum" ], [ a ; foaf:name "H. Kopp" ], [ a ; foaf:name "Herbert Verreth" ], [ a ; foaf:name "B. Siewert-Mayer" ], [ a ; foaf:name "Mark Depauw" ], [ a ; foaf:name "W. Röllig" ]; dcterms:coverage "Beirut LEB"; dcterms:creator , ; dcterms:description "An ancient Phoenician city, known by various names in antiquity, in what is now Lebanon."; dcterms:modified "2023-12-27T13:28:25-04:00"; dcterms:subject "dare:ancient=1", "dare:feature=major settlement", "dare:major=1"; dcterms:title "Beirut"; cito:citesAsEvidence , ; cito:citesAsRelated , , , , , ; cito:citesForInformation , , , , , , , , , , ; rdfs:seeAlso , ; owl:sameAs ; skos:altLabel "Bairūt, Bairut, Bayrut, Beyrut"@arb, "Barut"@ka, "Beirut"@de, "Beirut"@en, "Berot"@cana, "Berytus"@la, "Bi'rû"@akk, "Biruta"@akk, "Bērytos, Berytos"@grc, "Bērūt, Berut"@ar, "Bēt Lāpāṭ, Bet Lapat, Bet Lapath"@syr, "Laodikeia, Laodicea"@grc, "Baruth", "Berytos", "Bēt Lāpaṭ", "Col. Iulia Augusta Felix", "Laodikeia en te Phoinike"; skos:inScheme ; prov:wasDerivedFrom [ rdfs:label "Barrington Atlas: BAtlas 69 C2 Berytus/Laodikeia en te Phoinike/Col. Iulia Augusta Felix" ]; pleiades:hasFeatureType ; pleiades:hasLocation , ; pleiades:hasName , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . a ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation ""; dcterms:contributor , ; dcterms:creator [ a ; foaf:name "B. Siewert-Mayer" ], [ a ; foaf:name "W. Röllig" ], [ a ; foaf:name "H. Kopp" ]; dcterms:description "A place name from the TAVO Index (Vol. 1, p. 196)"; dcterms:modified "2018-06-07T20:33:41-04:00"; dcterms:title "Bairūt"; cito:cites ; owl:sameAs ; prov:wasDerivedFrom [ rdfs:label "TAVO Index" ]; pleiades:during , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ; pleiades:end_date 2000; pleiades:nameRomanized "Bairut", "Bairūt", "Bayrut", "Beyrut"; pleiades:start_date -1344 . a ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation ""; dcterms:contributor , ; dcterms:creator [ a ; foaf:name "B. Siewert-Mayer" ], [ a ; foaf:name "W. Röllig" ], [ a ; foaf:name "H. Kopp" ]; dcterms:description "A place name from the TAVO Index (Vol. 1, p. 225)"; dcterms:modified "2018-06-07T20:33:41-04:00"; dcterms:title "Barut"; cito:cites ; owl:sameAs ; prov:wasDerivedFrom [ rdfs:label "TAVO Index" ]; pleiades:during , ; pleiades:end_date 1291; pleiades:nameRomanized "Barut"; pleiades:start_date -1200 . a ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation ""; dcterms:contributor , ; dcterms:creator [ a ; foaf:name "B. Siewert-Mayer" ], [ a ; foaf:name "W. Röllig" ], [ a ; foaf:name "H. Kopp" ]; dcterms:description "A place name from the TAVO Index (Vol. 1, p. 225)"; dcterms:modified "2018-06-07T20:33:41-04:00"; dcterms:title "Baruth"; cito:cites ; owl:sameAs ; prov:wasDerivedFrom [ rdfs:label "TAVO Index" ]; pleiades:during , ; pleiades:end_date 1291; pleiades:nameRomanized "Baruth"; pleiades:start_date 1081 . a ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation ""; dcterms:creator ; dcterms:description ""; dcterms:modified "2018-06-07T20:33:41-04:00"; dcterms:title "Beirut"; cito:cites ; owl:sameAs ; prov:wasDerivedFrom [ rdfs:label "Pleiades" ]; pleiades:during ; pleiades:end_date 2100; pleiades:nameAttested "Beirut"@en; pleiades:nameRomanized "Beirut"; pleiades:start_date 1700 . a ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation ""; dcterms:contributor , ; dcterms:creator [ a ; foaf:name "B. Siewert-Mayer" ], [ a ; foaf:name "W. Röllig" ], [ a ; foaf:name "H. Kopp" ]; dcterms:description "A place name from the TAVO Index (Vol. 1, p. 239)"; dcterms:modified "2018-06-07T20:33:42-04:00"; dcterms:title "Beirut"; cito:cites ; owl:sameAs ; prov:wasDerivedFrom [ rdfs:label "TAVO Index" ]; pleiades:during , , , ; pleiades:end_date 2000; pleiades:nameRomanized "Beirut"; pleiades:start_date -2000 . a ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation ""; dcterms:contributor , ; dcterms:creator [ a ; foaf:name "B. Siewert-Mayer" ], [ a ; foaf:name "W. Röllig" ], [ a ; foaf:name "H. Kopp" ]; dcterms:description "A place name from the TAVO Index (Vol. 1, p. 245)"; dcterms:modified "2018-06-07T20:33:41-04:00"; dcterms:title "Berot"; cito:cites ; owl:sameAs ; prov:wasDerivedFrom [ rdfs:label "TAVO Index" ]; pleiades:during ; pleiades:end_date -330; pleiades:nameRomanized "Berot"; pleiades:start_date -540 . a ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation ""; dcterms:contributor , , ; dcterms:creator [ a ; foaf:name "B. Siewert-Mayer" ], [ a ; foaf:name "W. Röllig" ], [ a ; foaf:name "H. Kopp" ]; dcterms:description "A place name from the TAVO Index (Vol. 1, p. 246)"; dcterms:modified "2018-06-07T20:33:41-04:00"; dcterms:title "Bērūt"; cito:cites ; owl:sameAs ; prov:wasDerivedFrom [ rdfs:label "TAVO Index" ]; pleiades:during , ; pleiades:end_date 2000; pleiades:nameRomanized "Berut", "Bērūt"; pleiades:start_date -2000 . a ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation ""; dcterms:contributor , ; dcterms:creator [ a ; foaf:name "B. Siewert-Mayer" ], [ a ; foaf:name "W. Röllig" ], [ a ; foaf:name "H. Kopp" ]; dcterms:description "A place name from the TAVO Index (Vol. 1, p. 246)"; dcterms:modified "2018-06-07T20:33:41-04:00"; dcterms:title "Bērytos"; cito:cites ; owl:sameAs ; prov:wasDerivedFrom [ rdfs:label "TAVO Index" ]; pleiades:during , , , , , , , , ; pleiades:end_date 650; pleiades:nameRomanized "Berytos", "Bērytos"; pleiades:start_date -330 . a ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation ""; dcterms:contributor , ; dcterms:creator [ a ; foaf:name "B. Siewert-Mayer" ], [ a ; foaf:name "W. Röllig" ], [ a ; foaf:name "H. Kopp" ]; dcterms:description "A place name from the TAVO Index (Vol. 1, p. 246)"; dcterms:modified "2018-06-07T20:33:41-04:00"; dcterms:title "Berytos"; cito:cites ; owl:sameAs ; prov:wasDerivedFrom [ rdfs:label "TAVO Index" ]; pleiades:during ; pleiades:end_date -140; pleiades:nameRomanized "Berytos"; pleiades:start_date -330 . a ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation ""; dcterms:contributor , , , ; dcterms:creator , ; dcterms:description ""; dcterms:modified "2018-06-07T20:33:41-04:00"; dcterms:title "Berytus"; cito:citesAsEvidence ; owl:sameAs ; prov:wasDerivedFrom [ rdfs:label "Barrington Atlas: BAtlas 69 C2 Berytus/Laodikeia en te Phoinike/Col. Iulia Augusta Felix" ]; pleiades:during , , ; pleiades:end_date 640; pleiades:nameRomanized "Berytus"; pleiades:start_date -330 . a ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation ""; dcterms:contributor , ; dcterms:creator [ a ; foaf:name "B. Siewert-Mayer" ], [ a ; foaf:name "W. Röllig" ], [ a ; foaf:name "H. Kopp" ]; dcterms:description "A place name from the TAVO Index (Vol. 1, p. 252)"; dcterms:modified "2018-06-07T20:33:41-04:00"; dcterms:title "Bēt Lāpaṭ"; cito:cites ; owl:sameAs ; prov:wasDerivedFrom [ rdfs:label "TAVO Index" ]; pleiades:during ; pleiades:end_date -140; pleiades:nameRomanized "Bēt Lāpaṭ"; pleiades:start_date -330 . a ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation ""; dcterms:contributor , ; dcterms:creator [ a ; foaf:name "B. Siewert-Mayer" ], [ a ; foaf:name "W. Röllig" ], [ a ; foaf:name "H. Kopp" ]; dcterms:description "A place name from the TAVO Index (Vol. 1, p. 252)"; dcterms:modified "2018-06-07T20:33:41-04:00"; dcterms:title "Bēt Lāpāṭ"; cito:cites ; owl:sameAs ; prov:wasDerivedFrom [ rdfs:label "TAVO Index" ]; pleiades:during ; pleiades:end_date -140; pleiades:nameRomanized "Bet Lapat", "Bet Lapath", "Bēt Lāpāṭ"; pleiades:start_date -330 . a ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Bagg, RGTC 7/1 43-44"; dcterms:creator ; dcterms:description "Name of Berytus/Beirut in royal inscriptions of the seventh-century-BC Assyrian king Esarhaddon."; dcterms:modified "2020-08-03T06:11:43-04:00"; dcterms:subject "ANE", "Assyrian"; dcterms:title "Bi'rû"; cito:cites ; owl:sameAs ; prov:wasDerivedFrom [ rdfs:label "Pleiades" ]; pleiades:during ; pleiades:end_date -540; pleiades:nameRomanized "Bi'rû"; pleiades:start_date -720 . a ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation ""; dcterms:contributor , ; dcterms:creator [ a ; foaf:name "B. Siewert-Mayer" ], [ a ; foaf:name "W. Röllig" ], [ a ; foaf:name "H. Kopp" ]; dcterms:description "A place name from the TAVO Index (Vol. 1, p. 272)"; dcterms:modified "2018-06-07T20:33:41-04:00"; dcterms:title "Biruta"; cito:cites ; owl:sameAs ; prov:wasDerivedFrom [ rdfs:label "TAVO Index" ]; pleiades:during ; pleiades:end_date -1212; pleiades:nameRomanized "Biruta"; pleiades:start_date -1344 . a ; dcterms:contributor , , ; dcterms:creator , ; dcterms:description ""; dcterms:modified "2018-06-07T20:33:41-04:00"; dcterms:title "Col. Iulia Augusta Felix"; owl:sameAs ; prov:wasDerivedFrom [ rdfs:label "Barrington Atlas: BAtlas 69 C2 Berytus/Laodikeia en te Phoinike/Col. Iulia Augusta Felix" ]; pleiades:during ; pleiades:end_date 300; pleiades:nameRomanized "Col. Iulia Augusta Felix"; pleiades:start_date -30 . a ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation ""; dcterms:creator ; dcterms:description "Representative point location, site precision"; dcterms:modified "2018-06-07T20:33:41-04:00"; dcterms:title "DARE Location"; cito:cites ; owl:sameAs ; prov:wasDerivedFrom [ rdfs:label "Digital Atlas of the Roman Empire (2012-10-15)" ]; pleiades:during , , ; pleiades:end_date 640; pleiades:start_date -330 . a ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "DARMC 230"; dcterms:contributor , , , ; dcterms:creator , ; dcterms:description "1:500,000 scale representative point location digitized from the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World by the Digital Atlas of Roman and Medieval Civilizations project at Harvard University."; dcterms:modified "2018-06-07T20:33:41-04:00"; dcterms:title "DARMC location 230"; cito:citesAsDataSource ; owl:sameAs ; prov:wasDerivedFrom [ rdfs:label "DARMC OBJECTID: 230" ]; pleiades:during , , ; pleiades:end_date 640; pleiades:start_date -330 . a ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation ""; dcterms:contributor , ; dcterms:creator [ a ; foaf:name "B. Siewert-Mayer" ], [ a ; foaf:name "W. Röllig" ], [ a ; foaf:name "H. Kopp" ]; dcterms:description "A place name from the TAVO Index (Vol. 2, p. 985)"; dcterms:modified "2018-06-07T20:33:41-04:00"; dcterms:title "Laodikeia"; cito:cites ; owl:sameAs ; prov:wasDerivedFrom [ rdfs:label "TAVO Index" ]; pleiades:during , , ; pleiades:end_date 640; pleiades:nameRomanized "Laodicea", "Laodikeia"; pleiades:start_date -330 . a ; dcterms:contributor , , ; dcterms:creator , ; dcterms:description ""; dcterms:modified "2018-06-07T20:33:41-04:00"; dcterms:title "Laodikeia en te Phoinike"; owl:sameAs ; prov:wasDerivedFrom [ rdfs:label "Barrington Atlas: BAtlas 69 C2 Berytus/Laodikeia en te Phoinike/Col. Iulia Augusta Felix" ]; pleiades:during ; pleiades:end_date -30; pleiades:nameRomanized "Laodikeia en te Phoinike"; pleiades:start_date -330 . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "settlement"@en; skos:scopeNote "Equivalent to \"inhabited place\" as defined by the Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus: General term for places or areas occupied, modified, or planned to be inhabited by communities of human populations and that contain enough societal functions to be relatively self-sufficient. They are characterized by inhabitants living in neighboring sets of living quarters and by the place having a proper name or a locally recognized status."@en . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "1200 BC Middle East"@en; skos:scopeNote "ME, Greece [[-1200, -1199]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "1500 AD Middle East (AD 1500–1500)"@en; skos:scopeNote "ME, Greece, Indus [[1500,1500]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Abassid Middle East (AD 750–940)"@en; skos:scopeNote "ME, northern Africa [[750, 940]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Achaemenid Middle East (540–330 BC)"@en; skos:scopeNote "ME [[-540, -330]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Caliphate-Umayyad Middle East (AD 632–750)"@en; skos:scopeNote "Early Islamic, Rashidun-Umayyad [starts with death of Muhammed who only controlled Arabia] [[632,750]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Early Ottoman Empire (AD 1453–1683)"@en; skos:scopeNote "ends with the siege of Vienna [[1453,1683]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Khedivate Egypt (AD 1800–1922)"@en; skos:scopeNote "Muhammed Ali-Khedivate Egypt, Alawiyya Egypt, Anglo-Egyptian [[1800,1922]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Late Antique/Sasanian Middle East (AD 300–640)"@en; skos:scopeNote "ME [[300, 640]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Middle Byzantine (AD 850-1200)"@en; skos:scopeNote "Middle Byzantine period in areas where such designations are appropriate. [[850, 1200]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Modern (AD 1700-Present)"@en; skos:scopeNote "Our present, modern era. [[1700, 2100]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Ottoman Decline-Mandate Middle East (AD 1900–1950)"@en; skos:scopeNote "ME [[1900,1950]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Ottoman Empire (AD 1513–1918)"@en; skos:scopeNote "ME, Balkan, Northern Africa [[1513,1918]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Ottoman Rise (AD 1300–1453)"@en; skos:scopeNote "ends with the conquest of Constantinople [[1300, 1453]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Proto-Byzantine (AD 500–650)"@en; skos:scopeNote "Early Byzantine; includes Justinian I [[500, 650]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Roman Early Empire/Parthian Middle East (30 BC – AD 226)"@en; skos:scopeNote "Early Roman/Parthian [[-30, 226]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Transition Roman Early Empire-Late Antique (AD 284–337)"@en; skos:scopeNote "Mediterranean [[284, 337]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "2nd Millennium BC Levant (2000–1000 BC)"@en; skos:scopeNote "MBA Levant-LBA Levant-Iron Age I Levant [not sure as these are all taken from southern Levant periodisation] [[-2000,-1000]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Crusader/Byzantine/Seljuq Middle East (AD 1081–1204)"@en; skos:scopeNote "Latin/1st-4th Crusades—end of Middle Byzantine—Rum/Seljuq [[1081, 1204]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Egyptian/Hittite Levant (1344–1212 BC)"@en; skos:scopeNote "Levant [[-1344,-1212]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Late Ottoman Empire (AD 1683–1918)"@en; skos:scopeNote "ME, Balkan, Northern Africa [[1683,1918]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Neo-Assyrian/Babylonian Middle East (720–540 BC)"@en; skos:scopeNote "ME [[-720,-540]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Roman Middle East (140 BC – AD 640)"@en; skos:scopeNote "ME [[-140, 640]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Crusader/Seljuq-Ayyubid Levant (AD 1099–1291)"@en; skos:scopeNote "Latin [[1099,1291]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Modern Middle East (AD 1918–2000)"@en; skos:scopeNote "ME [[1918, 2000]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Late Antique (AD 300-AD 640)"@en; skos:scopeNote "The Late Antique period in Greek and Roman history. For the purposes of Pleiades, this period is said to begin in the year 300 and to end in the year 640 after the birth of Christ. [[300, 640]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hellenistic Middle East (330–140 BC)"@en; skos:scopeNote "Macedonian—Seleucid/Ptolemaic/Attalid/Greco-Bactrian [[-330, -140]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Roman, early Empire (30 BC-AD 300)"@en; skos:scopeNote "The Roman period (i.e., the early Roman Empire) in Greek and Roman history. For the purposes of Pleiades, this period is said to begin in the year 30 before the birth of Christ and to end in the year 300 after the birth of Christ. [[-30, 300]]"@en . a ; owl:sameAs , ; skos:inScheme ; skos:prefLabel "Hellenistic Greek, Roman Republic (330 BC-30 BC)"@en; skos:scopeNote "The Hellenistic period in Greek history and the middle-to-late Republican period in Roman history. For the purposes of Pleiades, this period is said to begin in the year 330 and end in the year 30 before the birth of Christ. [[-330, -30]]"@en .